[QUOTE] heh. I'm sure there are countries that had relatively peaceful transistions to republics. Italy? [/QUOTE] Peaceful? 3 Wars of Independence, Napoleon III's intervention, a coup by Mussolini . Certainly was. Technically they had a referendum in 1946, but it wouldn't have happened without the preceding decades of nastiness, and a shed load of Allied troops wandering about the place to quell the skirmishes between monarchists, republicans and post-facists.